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            <div class="main h1">Part 1</div>
            <div class="sub f16">Read the text below and answer questions 1-13.</div>
          </div>
          <div id="reading" class="exam-bank-wrapper reading-wrap" :style="{height:height+'px'}">
            <div id="exam-article" class="reading-wrap__section left">
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                  <div style="">
                    <p style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span
                          style="font-size:20px;"><strong>Nutmeg – a valuable spice</strong></span></span></p>
                    <p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The nutmeg tree, <em>Myristica
                          fragrans</em>,
                        is a large evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia. Until the late 18th century, it only grew in
                        one place in the world: a small group of islands in the Banda Sea, part of the Moluccas – or
                        Spice
                        Islands – in northeastern Indonesia. The tree is thickly branched with dense foliage of tough,
                        dark green oval leaves, and produces small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers and pale yellow
                        pear-shaped fruits. The fruit is encased in a fleshy husk. When the fruit is ripe, this husk
                        splits into two halves along a ridge running the length of the fruit. Inside is a purple-brown
                        shiny seed, 2–3 cm long by about 2 cm across, surrounded by a lacy red or crimson covering
                        called
                        an ‘aril’. These are the sources of the two spices nutmeg and mace, the former being produced
                        from
                        the dried seed and the latter from the aril.</span></p>
                    <p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Nutmeg was a highly prized and costly
                        ingredient in European cuisine in the Middle Ages, and was used as a flavouring, medicinal, and
                        preservative agent. Throughout this period, the Arabs were the exclusive importers of the spice
                        to
                        Europe. They sold nutmeg for high prices to merchants based in Venice, but they never revealed
                        the
                        exact location of the source of this extremely valuable commodity. The Arab-Venetian dominance
                        of
                        the trade finally ended in 1512, when the Portuguese reached the Banda Islands and began
                        exploiting its precious resources.</span></p>
                    <p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Always in danger of competition from
                        neighbouring Spain, the Portuguese began subcontracting their spice distribution to Dutch
                        traders.
                        Profits began to flow into the Netherlands, and the Dutch commercial fleet swiftly grew into one
                        of the largest in the world. The Dutch quietly gained control of most of the shipping and
                        trading
                        of spices in Northern Europe. Then, in 1580, Portugal fell under Spanish rule, and by the end of
                        the 16th century the Dutch found themselves locked out of the market. As prices for pepper,
                        nutmeg, and other spices soared across Europe, they decided to fight back.</span></p>
                    <p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In 1602, Dutch merchants founded the VOC, a
                        trading corporation better known as the Dutch East India Company. By 1617, the VOC was the
                        richest
                        commercial operation in the world. The company had 50,000 employees worldwide, with a private
                        army
                        of 30,000 men and a fleet of 200 ships. At the same time, thousands of people across Europe were
                        dying of the plague, a highly contagious and deadly disease. Doctors were desperate for a way to
                        stop the spread of this disease, and they decided nutmeg held the cure. Everybody wanted nutmeg,
                        and many were willing to spare no expense to have it. Nutmeg bought for a few pennies in
                        Indonesia
                        could be sold for 68,000 times its original cost on the streets of London. The only problem was
                        the short supply. And that’s where the Dutch found their opportunity.</span></p>
                    <p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The Banda Islands were ruled by local
                        sultans
                        who insisted on maintaining a neutral trading policy towards foreign powers. This allowed them
                        to
                        avoid the presence of Portuguese or Spanish troops on their soil, but it also left them
                        unprotected from other invaders. In 1621, the Dutch arrived and took over. Once securely in
                        control of the Bandas, the Dutch went to work protecting their new investment. They concentrated
                        all nutmeg production into a few easily guarded areas, uprooting and destroying any trees
                        outside
                        the plantation zones. Anyone caught growing a nutmeg seedling or carrying seeds without the
                        proper
                        authority was severely punished. In addition, all exported nutmeg was covered with lime to make
                        sure there was no chance a fertile seed which could be grown elsewhere would leave the islands.
                        There was only one obstacle to Dutch domination. One of the Banda Islands, a sliver of land
                        called
                        Run, only 3 km long by less than 1 km wide, was under the control of the British. After decades
                        of
                        fighting for control of this tiny island, the Dutch and British arrived at a compromise
                        settlement, the Treaty of Breda, in 1667. Intent on securing their hold over every
                        nutmeg-producing island, the Dutch offered a trade: if the British would give them the island of
                        Run, they would in turn give Britain a distant and much less valuable island in North America.
                        The
                        British agreed. That other island was Manhattan, which is how New Amsterdam became New York. The
                        Dutch now had a monopoly over the nutmeg trade which would last for another century.</span></p>
                    <p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Then, in 1770, a Frenchman named Pierre
                        Poivre successfully smuggled nutmeg plants to safety in Mauritius, an island off the coast of
                        Africa. Some of these were later exported to the Caribbean where they thrived, especially on the
                        island of Grenada. Next, in 1778, a volcanic eruption in the Banda region caused a tsunami that
                        wiped out half the nutmeg groves. Finally, in 1809, the British returned to Indonesia and seized
                        the Banda Islands by force. They returned the islands to the Dutch in 1817, but not before
                        transplanting hundreds of nutmeg seedlings to plantations in several locations across southern
                        Asia. The Dutch nutmeg monopoly was over.</span></p>
                    <p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Today, nutmeg is grown in Indonesia, the
                        Caribbean, India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka, and world nutmeg production is
                        estimated to average between 10,000 and 12,000 tonnes per year.</span></p>
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            <div id="read-question" class="reading-wrap__section right">
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                    <div class="topic-item">
                      <div class="question-stem">
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                          <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span
                                style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><em><strong>Questions 1–4</strong><br>
                                  Complete the notes below.<br>
                                  Choose <strong>ONE WORD ONLY</strong> from the passage for each answer.
                                </em></span></span><span style="font-size:16px;"><span
                                style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><em>Write your answers in boxes 1–4 on
                                  your answer sheet.</em></span></span></p>
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                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="topic-item">
                      <div class="text-blank read">
                        <div class="text-blank-title">
                          <p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span
                                style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size:20px;">The nutmeg
                                  tree and fruit</span></span></strong></p>

                          <p>• the leaves of the tree are&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="short"><span
                                class="blank-input-box"><span class="order">1</span><input class="input-item focus"
                                  type="text"></span>&nbsp;</span>
                            in
                            shape</p>

                          <p>• the&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="short"><span class="blank-input-box"><span
                                  class="order">2</span><input class="input-item"
                                  type="text"></span>&nbsp;</span>surrounds the fruit and breaks open
                            when the fruit is ripe</p>

                          <p>• the&nbsp;&nbsp;<span class="short"><span class="blank-input-box"><span
                                  class="order">3</span><input class="input-item" type="text"></span>&nbsp;</span> is
                            used to produce the spice
                            nutmeg
                          </p>

                          <p>• the covering known as the aril is used to produce&nbsp;&nbsp;<span role="replace"
                              class="short"><span class="blank-input-box"><span class="order">4</span><input
                                  class="input-item" type="text"></span>&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</p>

                          <p>• the tree has yellow flowers and fruit</p>
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                    <div class="topic-item">
                      <div class="question-stem">
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                          <p><em><span style="font-size:16px;"><span
                                  style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Questions
                                    5–7</strong></span></span></em></p>

                          <p><em>Choose&nbsp;<strong>TRUE</strong>&nbsp;if the statement agrees with the information
                              given
                              in the text,</em></p>

                          <p><em>choose&nbsp;<strong>FALSE&nbsp;</strong>if the statement contradicts the
                              information,</em></p>

                          <p><em>or choose&nbsp;<strong>NOT GIVEN&nbsp;</strong>if there is no information on this.</em>
                          </p>
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                    <div class="topic-item">
                      <div class="single-choice-wrap">
                        <p class="title show-options focus"><span class="title_index">5</span><span
                            class="title_content">
                            <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
                                  In the Middle Ages, most Europeans knew where nutmeg was grown.</span></span></p>
                          </span></p>
                        <form class="items-wrap">
                          <p class="item-wrap"><label class="item-content"><input type="radio" name="NG"><span
                                class="radio-inner"></span><span class="item-content_wrap">
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                                <!----><span class="item-content_option">TRUE</span></span></label>
                          </p>
                          <p class="item-wrap"><label class="item-content"><input type="radio" name="NG"><span
                                class="radio-inner"></span><span class="item-content_wrap">
                                <!---->
                                <!----><span class="item-content_option">FALSE</span></span></label>
                          </p>
                          <p class="item-wrap"><label class="item-content"><input type="radio" name="NG"><span class="radio-inner"></span><span class="item-content_wrap">
                                <!---->
                                <!----><span class="item-content_option">NOT
                                  GIVEN</span></span></label></p>
                        </form>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="topic-item">
                      <div class="single-choice-wrap">
                        <p class="title"><span class="title_index">6</span><span class="title_content">
                            <p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">The VOC was the world’s first major
                                trading company.</span></p>
                          </span></p>
                        <form class="items-wrap hidden">
                          <p class="item-wrap"><label class="item-content"><input type="radio" name="T" value="T"><span
                                class="radio-inner"></span><span class="item-content_wrap">
                                <!---->
                                <!----><span class="item-content_option">TRUE</span></span></label>
                          </p>
                          <p class="item-wrap"><label class="item-content"><input type="radio" name="F" value="F"><span
                                class="radio-inner"></span><span class="item-content_wrap">
                                <!---->
                                <!----><span class="item-content_option">FALSE</span></span></label>
                          </p>
                          <p class="item-wrap"><label class="item-content"><input type="radio" name="NG"
                                value="NG"><span class="radio-inner"></span><span class="item-content_wrap">
                                <!---->
                                <!----><span class="item-content_option">NOT
                                  GIVEN</span></span></label></p>
                        </form>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="topic-item">
                      <div class="single-choice-wrap">
                        <p class="title"><span class="title_index">7</span><span class="title_content">
                            <p><span style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Following the Treaty of Breda, the
                                Dutch had control of all the islands where nutmeg grew.</span></p>
                          </span></p>
                        <form class="items-wrap hidden">
                          <p class="item-wrap"><label class="item-content"><input type="radio" name="T" value="T"><span
                                class="radio-inner"></span><span class="item-content_wrap">
                                <!---->
                                <!----><span class="item-content_option">TRUE</span></span></label>
                          </p>
                          <p class="item-wrap"><label class="item-content"><input type="radio" name="F" value="F"><span
                                class="radio-inner"></span><span class="item-content_wrap">
                                <!---->
                                <!----><span class="item-content_option">FALSE</span></span></label>
                          </p>
                          <p class="item-wrap"><label class="item-content"><input type="radio" name="NG"
                                value="NG"><span class="radio-inner"></span><span class="item-content_wrap">
                                <!---->
                                <!----><span class="item-content_option">NOT
                                  GIVEN</span></span></label></p>
                        </form>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="topic-item">
                      <div class="question-stem" isshow="true">
                        <div class="question-stem-content">
                          <p><span style="font-size:16px;"><em><span
                                  style="font-family:Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><strong>Questions 8–13</strong><br>
                                  Complete the table below.<br>
                                  Choose <strong>ONE WORD ONLY</strong> from the passage for each answer. Write your
                                  answers in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.</span></em></span></p>
                        </div>
                        <!---->
                      </div>
                    </div>
                    <div class="topic-item">
                      <div class="text-blank read">
                        <div class="text-blank-title">
                          <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" style="width:500px;">
                            <tbody>
                              <tr>
                                <td style="text-align: center;">Middle Ages</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;Nutmeg was brought to Europe by the <span class="short"><span
                                      class="blank-input-box"><span class="order">8</span><input class="input-item"
                                        type="text"></span>&nbsp;</span></td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                <td style="text-align: center;">16th century</td>
                                <td>&nbsp;European nations took control of the nutmeg trade</td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                <td style="text-align: center;">17th century&nbsp;</td>
                                <td>
                                  <p>&nbsp;Demand for nutmeg grew, as it was believed to be&nbsp; effective against the
                                    disease known as the <span class="short"><span class="blank-input-box"><span
                                          class="order">9</span><input class="input-item"
                                          type="text"></span>&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;</p>

                                  <p>&nbsp;The Dutch<br>
                                    &nbsp;–took control of the Banda Islands<br>
                                    &nbsp;–restricted nutmeg production to a few areas<br>
                                    &nbsp;–put <span class="short"><span class="blank-input-box"><span
                                          class="order">10</span><input class="input-item" type="text"></span>
                                    </span>on nutmeg to avoid it being cultivated&nbsp; outside the islands<br>
                                    &nbsp;–finally obtained the island of <span class="short"><span
                                        class="blank-input-box"><span class="order">11</span><input class="input-item"
                                          type="text"></span></span> from the&nbsp; British</p>
                                </td>
                              </tr>
                              <tr>
                                <td style="text-align: center;">Late 18th century</td>
                                <td>
                                  <p>&nbsp;1770 – nutmeg plants were secretly taken to&nbsp;<span class="short"><span
                                        class="blank-input-box"><span class="order">12</span><input class="input-item"
                                          type="text"></span></span>
                                  </p>

                                  <p>&nbsp;</p>

                                  <p>&nbsp;1778 – half the Banda Islands’ nutmeg plantations&nbsp; were destroyed by a
                                    <span class="short"><span class="blank-input-box"><span
                                          class="order">13</span><input class="input-item"
                                          type="text"></span>&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
                                </td>
                              </tr>
                            </tbody>
                          </table>
                          <p>&nbsp;</p>
                        </div>
                      </div>
                    </div>
                  </div>
                </div>
              </vue-scroll>
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